---=

Jeddah

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Jump to: navigation, search<= /span>

This article is about the Sa= udi Arabian city. For the Australian movie, see Jedda. For the Bahraini island, see Jidda Island.

City of Jeddah

ÌÏøÉ Jidda=

— City —

Jeddah Skyline

Flag<= /span>

Coat of arms

Nickname(s): The Bride of th= e Red Sea

Location of Jeddah

Coordinates: 21°32′36&= #8243;N 39°10′22″E / 21.54333°N 39.17278°E / 21.54333; 39.17278Coordinates: 21°32′36″N 39°10′22″E / 21.54333°N 39.17278°E / 21.54333; 39.17278

Country<= span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> Saudi Ara= bia

Province Makkah (Mecca) <= /p>

Established From the 6th cen= tury BC

Joint Saudi Arabia 1925

Government

- City Mayor Hani= Abu Ras[1]

- City Governor <= span class=3DSpellE>Mish'al Al-Saud

- Provincial Gove= rnor Khalid al Faisal

Area<= /span>

- Urban 1,500 km2= (579.2 sq mi)

- Metro 3,000 km2 (1,158.3 sq mi)

Elevation 12 m (39 ft) <= /p>

Population (2008)

- City 3,234,000<= /span>

- Density 2,921/k= m2 (1,826/sq mi)

- Urban 3,855,912=

- Metro 4,500,000=

Jeddah City esti= mate

Time zone EAT (UTC+3<= span dir=3DRTL>) <= /p>

- Summer (DST) EA= T (UTC+3) <= /p>

Postal Code (5 digits= ) <= /p>

Area code(s) +966-2

Website Jeddah Municipality<= /span>

Jeddah, Jiddah, Jidda, or Jedda (Arabic<= /span>: ÌÏøÉý, Jidda; Turkish= : Cidde) is a city located on the coast of the Red Sea = and is the major urban center of western Saudi Arabia. It is the largest city in <= span class=3DSpellE>Makkah Province, the largest sea port on the Red Sea,= and the second largest city in Saudi Arabia after the capital city, Riyadh. The population of the city currently stands at 3.2 million. It is an important commercial hub in Saudi Arabia.

Jeddah is the principal gate= way to Mecca, Islam's holiest city, which able-bodied Muslims are required to visi= t at least once in their lifetime. It is also a gateway to Medina, the second holiest place in Islam.

Jeddah is one of the most co= smopolitan, diverse, and tolerant of all Saudi Arabian cities, hosting expatriates from= all over the world who have made Jeddah their home. Economically, Jeddah is focusing on further developing capital investment in scientific and enginee= ring leadership within Saudi Arabia, and the Middle East.[2] Jeddah was independently ranked 4th in the Africa / Mid-East region in terms of innova= tion in 2009 in the Innovation Cities Index.[3]

Regionally, Jeddah is a prim= ary resort city of the country. Jeddah was named a second-tier beta world city, accord= ing to Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network (GaWC).<= /p>

Historically (and up until t= oday), Jeddah has been well known for its legendary money changers. The largest of said money changers at the time (the late Sheikh Salem Bin Mahfouz) eventua= lly founded Saudi Arabia's first bank, the National Commercial Bank (NCB). Other notable trading families that have greatly impacted Saudi Arabia include the Ba-eshen, Bajubair,= Bajammal, Bakhashab, Bakhashwain, Ali-Reda, Bi= n Zagr, Bin Mahfouz, Bin Laden, and Kamel families, respectively.

Contents

1 Etymology and spelling=

2 History

2.1 Pre-Islam

2.2 Rashidun Caliphate

2.3 Fatimid Caliphate

2.4 Ayyubid Empire

2.5 Mamluk Sultanate

2.6 Ottoman Empire

2.7 First Saudi State and Ottoman-Saudi War

2.8 World War I and The Kingdom of Hejaz

2.9 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

3 Geography

3.1 Climate

3.2 Pollution and environment

4 Economy

4.1 King Abdullah Street

4.2 Tahlia Street

4.3 Major organizations headquartered in Jeddah

5 Demographics

6 Districts

7 Culture

7.1 Religious significance=

7.2 Cultural projects and foundations with a branch in J= eddah

7.3 Cuisine

7.4 Open-air art

7.5 Museums and collections

7.6 Media

7.7 Sport

7.8 Accent

7.9 Life

8 Cityscape

8.1 Old Jeddah

8.2 Resorts

8.3 Hotels

8.4 Consulates

8.5 Landmarks

9 Education

10 Transport

10.1 Airport

10.2 Seaport

10.3 Roads and rails

11 Issues and challenges<= span style=3D'font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-th= eme-font: minor-latin'>

11.1 2009 Jeddah floods

11.2 2011 Jeddah floods

12 Sister cities

13 See also

14 Notes

15 References

16 External links

[edit] Ety= mology and spelling

There are at least two expla= nations for the etymology of the name Jeddah, according to Jeddah Ibn Helwaan Al-Qudaa'iy= , the chief of the Quda'a clan. The more common accou= nt has it that the name is derived from ÌÏå Jaddah, the Ar= abic word for "grandmother". According to eastern folk belief, the tomb of = Eve (21°29′31″N 39°11′24″E / 21.49194°N 39.19°E / 21.49194; 39.19), considered the grandmother of humanity,= is located in Jeddah.[4] The Tomb was sealed with concrete by the religious authorities in 1975 as a result of some Muslims praying at the site<= span dir=3DRTL>.

Ibn Battuta(1304–1368), the Berber travel= ler, visited Jeddah during his world trip. He wrote the name of the city into his diary as "Juddah"= .[5]

The British Foreign Office a= nd other branches of the British government used to use the older spelling of "= Jedda", contrary to other English-speaking usage= , but in 2007 changed to the spelling "Jeddah".[6]

T. E. Lawrence felt that any= transcription of Arabic names into English was arbitrary. In his book Revolt in the Deser= t, Jeddah is spelled three different ways on the first page alone.[7]

On official Saudi maps and d= ocuments, the city name is transcribed "Jeddah", which is now the prevailing usage.

[edit] His= tory

Jeddah, mid-1800s

Jeddah in 1938[edit] Pre-Isl= am

Excavations in the old city = suggest that Jeddah was founded as a fishing hamlet in 500 BC by the Yemeni Quda'a tribe (Èäí ÞÖÇÚÉ), wh= o left central Yemen to settle in Makkah<= /span>[8] after the destruction of the = Marib Dam in Yemen.[9]

Other archaeological studies= have shown that the area was settled earlier by people in the Stone Age, as some= Thamudi scripts were excavated in Wadi Briman (æÇÏí ÈÑíãÇä), = west of the city, and Wadi Boweb (æÇÏí Èæí= È), northwest of the city. It was visited by Alexander The Great (356= BC - 323 BC).[10]

[edit] Rashidun Caliphate

Jeddah first achieved promin= ence in 647 AD, when the third Muslim Caliph, Uthman Ibn Affan (ÚËãÇä Èä ÚÝÇä), turned it into a port for Muslim pilgrims making the required Hajj to Mecca= .

Since then, Jeddah has been established as the main city of the historic Hejaz province and a historic = port for pilgrims arriving by sea to perform their Hajj pilgrimage in Mecca. The city's strategic location as the gates of the Holy City and a port on the R= ed Sea has caused it to be conquered many times throughout its history<= span dir=3DRTL>.

[edit] Fat= imid Caliphate

In the 969 AD the Fatimids from Algeria took control in Egypt from the Ikhshidid<= /span> dynasty and expanded their empire to the surrounding regions, including Hej= az and Jeddah. The Fatimids developed an extensive= trade network in both the Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean through the Red Sea. Their trade and diplomatic ties extended all the way to China and its Song Dynasty, which eventually determined the economic course of Hijaz during the High Middle Ages.

[edit] Ayyubid Empire

After Saladin's conquest of = Jerusalem, in 1171 he proclaimed himself sultan of Egypt, after dissolving the Fatimid Caliphate upon the death of al-Adid, thus establishing the Ayyubid dynasty, which set con= quests throughout the region. Hejaz—including Jeddah—became a part of the Ayyubid Empire in 1177 during the leadership of Shari= f Ibn Abul-Hashim Al-Thalab (1094–1201). During their relatively short-liv= ed tenure, the Ayyubids ushered in an era of econo= mic prosperity in the lands they ruled and the facilities and patronage provide= d by the Ayyubids led to a resur= gence in intellectual activity in the Islamic world. This period was also marked = by an Ayyubid process of vigorously strengthening = Sunni Muslim dominance in the region by constructing numerous madrasas (Islamic schools) in their major cities. Jeddah attracted Muslim sailors and merchan= ts from Sindh, Southeast Asia and East Africa, and other distant regions.

[edit] Mamluk Sultanate

In 1254, following events in= Cairo and the dissolution of the Ayyubid Empire, Hejaz be= came a part of the Mamluk Sultanate. The Portuguese ex= plorer Vasco da Gama, having found his way around the Cape and obtained pilots from the coast of Zanzibar in 1497 CE, pushed his way across the Indian Ocean to= the shores of Malabar and Calicut, attacked the fleets that carried freight and Muslim pilgrims from India to the Red Sea, and struck terror into the poten= tates all around. The Princes of Gujarat and Yemen turned for help to Egypt. Sult= an Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri= accordingly fitted out a fleet of 50 vessels under his Admiral, Hussein the Kurd. Jeddah was soon fortified with forced labor as a harbor of refuge from the Portuguese, allowing Arabia and the Red Sea to be protected, parts of t= he city wall still survives today in the old city. Even though the Portuguese = were successfully repelled from the city, the fleets in the Indian Ocean were at= the mercy of the enemy. This was part of the Battle of Diu between the Portugue= se and the Arab Mumluks. The Portuguese soldier's = grave is still found within the old city today, and it is referred to as the Christian Graves.[11]

[edit] Ott= oman Empire

The Ottoman admiral Selman R= eis defended Jeddah against a Portuguese attack in 1517.In 1517, the Ottoman Tu= rks conquered the Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt and Syr= ia, during the reign of Selim I= .[12] As territories of the Mamluk Sultanate, the Hej= az, including the holy city of Mecca and Jeddah, passed into Ottoman possession. The Ottomans rebuilt the weak walls of Jeddah in 1525 following their victo= ry over Lopo Soares de= Albergaria's Armada in the Red Sea. The new Turkish w= all included six watchtowers and six city gates. They were constructed to defend against the Portuguese attack. Of the six gates, the Gate of Mecca was the eastern gate and the Gate of Al-Magharibah, fac= ing the port, the western one. The Gate of Sharif faced south. The other gates = were the Gate of Al-Bunt, Gate of Al-Sham (also called Gate of Al-Sharaf) and Gate of Medina, facing north.[13] The Turks also built The Qishla of Jeddah, a sm= all castle for the city soldiers. In the 19th century these seven gates were minimized into four giant gates with four towers. These giant gates were the Gate of Sham from the north, the Gate of Mecca from the east, the Gate of Sharif from the south, and the Gate of Al-Magharibah on the sea side.

Ahmed Al-Jazzar, the Ottoman military man mainly known for his role in the Siege of Acre, sp= ent the earlier part of his career at Jeddah—where in 1750 he killed some seven= ty rioting nomads in retaliation for the killing of his commander, Abdullah Be= g. It was this act which reportedly earned him the nickname "Jezzar" (butcher), which he carried for the rest= of his life.

[edit] Fir= st Saudi State and Ottoman-Saudi War

Main article: Ottoman-Saudi = War

In 1802, Nejdi forces conquered both Mecca and Jeddah from the Ottomans. When Sharif Ghalib Efendi informed Su= ltan Mahmud II of this, the Sultan ordered his Egyptian viceroy Muhammad Ali Pas= ha to retake the city. Muhammad Ali successfully regained the city in the Batt= le of Jeddah in 1813.

[edit] Wor= ld War I and The Kingdom of Hejaz

Mohammed Abu Zenada, one of the Chiefs of Jeddah and the advisor to the Sharif during the surren= der to King Abdulaziz Ibn Saud in 1925Main articles: Arab Revolt and Kingdom of Hejaz

During World War I, Sharif H= ussein bin Ali declared a revolt against the Ottoman Empire, seeking independence from= the Ottoman Turks and the creation of a single unified Arab state spanning from Aleppo in Syria to Aden in Yemen.

King Hussein declared the Ki= ngdom of Hejaz. Later, Hussein was involved in war with Ibn Saud, who was the Sultan of Nejd. Hussein resigned following the fall of Me= cca, in December 1924, and his son Ali bin Hussein became the new king of the remaining soil of the Kingdom of Hejaz today<= span lang=3DFA style=3D'font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:C= alibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-th= eme-font: minor-latin'>.

[edit] Kin= gdom of Saudi Arabia

A few months later, Ibn Saud, whose clan originated in the central Nejd province, conquered Medina and Jeddah via an agreement with Jeddans following the Second Battle of Jeddah. He deposed the Sharif of Hejaz, Ali = bin Hussein, who fled to Baghdad, eventually settling in Amman, Jordan, where h= is descendants became part of its Hashemite royalty.

As a result, Jeddah came und= er the sway of the Al-Saud dynasty in December 1925. In 1926, Ibn Saud added the title King of Hejaz to his position of Sultan of Nejd. Today, Jeddah has lost its historical role in peninsular politics, since the histo= ric Hejaz province along the west coast has been subdivided into smaller provin= ces, and Jeddah falls within the new province of Makkah, whose provincial capital is the city of Mecca= .

From 1928 to 1932, the new <= span class=3DSpellE>Khuzam Palace was built as the new residence of King = Abdul Aziz in Jeddah. The palace lies south of the old walled city and was constructed under the supervision of the engineer Muhammad bin Laden. After 1963 the palace was used as a royal guest house; since 1995 it has housed t= he Regional Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography.[= 14]

What was left of the walls a= nd gates of the old city was taken down in 1947. A fire in 1982 destroyed some ancie= nt buildings in the old town center, called Al-Balad, but much is still preserved despite the commercial interest to tear down old houses (Naseef House, Gabi= l House) and build modern high-rise buildings. A house-by-house survey of the= old districts was made in 1979, showing that some 1000 traditional buildings st= ill existed, though the number of structures with great historic value was far less. In 1990 a Jeddah Historical Area Preservation Department was founded<= span class=3DGramE>.[15][16]

The modern city has expanded= wildly beyond its old boundaries. The built-up area expanded mainly to the north a= long the Red Sea coastline, reaching the new airport during the 1990s and since edging its way around it toward the Ob'hur Cree= k some 27 kilometers from the old city center.

[edit] Geo= graphy

Most of Saudi Arabia is dese= rt. The central region consists of an eroded plateau, mostly arid and hot in the su= mmer and cold in the winter. The western region is mountainous except on the coa= stal plain bordering the Red Sea, which includes the Jeddah area.

Jeddah borders the Red Sea f= rom the west and the Al-Sarawat Mountains from the east= . It has no rivers or valleys but it includes Sharm = Ob'hur, which connects the Red Sea to the other end o= f the city. The Sharm of Salman (also called the Gulf= of Salman) borders the city from north.

[edit] Cli= mate

Jeddah features an arid clim= ate under Koppen's climate classification. Unlike other Saudi A= rabian cities, Jeddah retains its warm temperature in winter, which can range from= 15 °C (59 °F) at midnight to 25 °C (77 °F) in the afternoon. Summer temperatur= es are very hot, often breaking the 40 °C (104 °F) mark in the afternoon and dropping to 30 °C (86 °F) in the evening. Rainfall in Jeddah is generally sparse, and usually occurs in small amounts in December. There have also be= en several notable incidents of hail. Heavy thunderstorms are common in winter. The thunderstorm of December 2008 was the largest in recent memory, with ra= in reaching around 3 inches (7.6 cm). The lowest temperature ever recorded in Jeddah was 3 °C (37 °F) in the winter of 1995.[c= itation needed]

Some unusual events often ha= ppen during the year, such as dust storms in summer and sometimes in winter, com= ing from the Arabian Peninsula's deserts or from North Africa.

[hide]Clim= ate data for Jeddah

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Ju= n Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Record high °C (°F) 33

(91) 35

(95) 38

(100) 40

(104) 42

(108) 47

(117) 42

(108) 42

(108) 41

(106) 41

(106) 34

(93) 47

(117)

Average high °C (°F) 29

(84) 29

(84) 33

(91) 35

(95) 36

(97) 37

(99) 37

(99) 36

(97) 35

(95) 33

(91) 30

(86) 33

Average low °C (°F) 19

(66) 18

(64) 19

(66) 21

(70) 23

(73) 24

(75) 26

(79) 27

(81) 25

(77) 23

(73) 22

(72) 19

(66) 22

Record low °C (°F) 9<= /p>

(48) 11

(52) 13

(55) 12

(54) 13

(55) 19

(66) 21

(70) 23

(73) 21

(70) 20

(68) 17

(63) 10

(50) 9

(48)

Rainfall mm (inches) 5

(0.2) 0

(0) 0

(0) 25

(0.98) 31

(1.22) 61

(2.4)

% humidity= 56 52 52 54 53 56 53 55 63 61 57 55 55

Source: [17]

[edit] Pol= lution and environment

Air pollution is an issue fo= r Jeddah, particularly on hot summer days. The city has experienced bush fires, landf= ill fires, and pollution from the two industrial zones in the north and the sou= th of Jeddah.

The water treatment factory = and the seaport contribute to water pollution. However, the coast of the city can be considered safe and of relatively clean quality.

[edit] Eco= nomy

Historically, and due to its= proximity to the Red Sea, Jeddah functioned as a port city. Even before being designa= ted port city for Mecca, the city of Jeddah had rooted itself in the local econ= omy as an integral trading hub for the region. In the 19th century goods such as mother-of-pearl, tortoise shells, frankincense and various other spices and items were routinely exported from the city. Apart from this, many imports = into the city were destined for further export to the Suez, Africa, or the Europ= ean continent. As a result of this "re-export" of goods, many items exported from Jeddah were things that could not even be found in the city or even in Arabia.[18= ]

The city's geographical loca= tion places it at the heart of the region covered by the Middle East and North Africa, with all their capitals within two hours flying distance, defining Jeddah as the second commercial center of the Middle East after Dubai.[19]

Also, Jeddah's industrial di= strict is the fourth largest industrial city in Saudi Arabia after Riyadh, Jubail and Yanbu.

[edit] King Abdullah Street

King Abdullah Street is one = of the most important streets in Jeddah that starts at King Fahd road by the waterfront in the west of Jeddah and ends all the way at the eastern end of= the city. It is famous for hosting numerous corporate offices and commercial developments. Due to the economic boom in this region, there is a central business district planned, which would be one of the biggest CBDs in the Mi= ddle East.

[edit] Tahlia Street

Main article: Tahlia Street

Tahlia<= /span> Street is an important fashion and shopping street in the mid-to= wn of Jeddah. It contains many upscale department shops and boutiques, such as Do= lce & Gabbana, Gucci, Burberry, Chanel, Giorgio Armani, Versace, Massimo Dutti, Tod's, and many more. It has been renamed to " Prince Mohammad bin Abdul Aziz Road".

[edit] Maj= or organizations headquartered in Jeddah

Jeddah Chamber of Commerce &= amp; IndustryThe city serves as headquarters for several g= lobal and major organizations, including:

Saudi Geological Survey

Saudi Arabian Airlines

Organis= ation of Islamic Cooperation

Islamic Development Bank

Jeddah Economic Forum=

Saudi Arabia's Human Rights Organization

Jeddah Chamber of Commerce &= amp; Industry

Jeddah Marketing Board

International Association of= Islamic Banks

International Islamic News A= gency

Islamic Shipowners Association

Islamic States Broadcasting Organization

The National Commercial Bank= [2] <= /p>

[edit] Demographics

This section does= not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced materi= al may be challenged and removed. (July 2009)

Popular Saudi and foreign op= inion regards Jeddah as the most liberal and cosmopolitan of Saudi cities due to = its historic role as port and gateway to the holy city of Mecca. For over one thousand years, Jeddah has received millions of pilgrims of different ethnicities and backgrounds, from Africa, Central Asia, Russia, Southeast A= sia, Europe and the Middle East, some of whom remained and became residents of t= he city. As a result, Jeddah is much more ethnically diverse than most Saudi cities and its culture more eclectic in nature (in contrast with the more geographically isolated and religiously strict capital, Riyadh). In compari= son with other cities of Saudi Arabia, women have greater freedom of movement h= ere, and religious police are less active here. The oil boom of the past 50 years has brought hundreds of thousands of working immigrants and foreign workers from non-Muslim countries, including a significant number from South Asia, adding to the city's ethnic diversity.

[edit] Dis= tricts

There are in total 135 distr= icts comprising metropolitan Jeddah which, transliterated from Arabic, are liste= d below in alphabetical order:

1. Al-Murjan

2. Al-Basateen

3. Al-Mohamadiya

4. Ash-Shati

5. An-Nahda

6. An-Naeem

7. An-Nozha

8. Az-Zahraa

9. As-Salamah

10. Al-Bawadi

11. Ar-Rabwa

12. As-Safa

13. Al-Khalidiya

14. Ar-Rawdha

15. Al-Faysaliya

16. Al-Andalus

17. Al-Aziziya

18. Ar-Rihab

19. Al-Hamraa

20. Al-Mosharafa

21. Ar-Roweis

22. Ash-Sharafiya

23. Bani Malik

24. Al-Woroud

25. An-Naseem

26. Al-Baghdadiya Ash-Sharqiya

27. Al-Amariya

28. Al-Hindawiya

29. As-Saheifa

30. Al-Kandra

31. As-Sulaimaniya

32. Al-Thaalba

33. As-Sabeel

34. Al-Qurayat

35. Gholail 36<= /span>. An-Nozla Al-Ya= maniya

37. Al-Nozla Ash-Sharqiya

38. Al-Taghr

39. Al-Jamaa

40. Madayin Al-Fahad

41. Ar-Rawabi

42. Al-Wazeeriya

43. Petromin

44. Al-Mahjar

45. Prince Abdel Majeed

46. Obhour Al-Janobiya

47. Al-Marwa

48. AL-Fayhaa

49. King Abdul Al-Aziz University=

50. Al-Baghdadiya Al-Gharbiya

51. Al-Balad

52. Al-Ajwad

53. Al-Manar

54. As-Samer

55. Abruq Ar-Roghama

56. Madinat As-Sultan

57. Um Hablain

58. Al-Hamdaniya

59. Al-Salhiya

60. Mokhatat Al-Aziziya

61. Mokhatat Shamal Al-Matar

62. Mokhatat Ar-Riyadh

63. Mokhatat Al-Huda

64. Braiman

65. Al-Salam

66. Al-Mostawdaat

67. Al-Montazahat

68. Kilo 14

69. Al-Harazat

70. Um As-Salam 71. Mokhtat= Zahrat Ash-Shamal<= span dir=3DRTL>

72. Al-Majid

73. Gowieza

74. Al-Gozain

75. Al-Kuwait

76. Al-Mahrogat

77. Al-Masfa

78. Al-Matar Al-Gadeem (old airport) <= /p>

79. Al-Bokhariya

80. An-Nour

81. Bab Shareif

82. Bab Makkah

83. Bahra

84. Al-Amir Fawaz

85. Wadi Fatma

86. Obhour Shamaliya

87. At-Tarhil (deportation) <= /p>

88. Al-Iskan Al-janoubi

89. At-Tawfeeq

90. Al-Goaid

91. Al-Jawhara

92. Al-Jamoum

93. Al-Khumra

94. Ad-Difaa Al-Jawi (Air Defense) <= /p>

95. Ad-Dageeg

96. Ar-Robou

97. Ar-Rabie

98. Ar-Rehaily

99. As-Salmiya

100. As-Sanabil

101. As-Sinaiya (Bawadi) <= /p>

102. Industrial City (Mahjar<= /span>) <= /p>

103. Al-Adl

104. Al-Olayia

105. Al-Faihaa 106. Al-Karanteena

107. Al-Ajaweed

108. Al-Ahmadiya

109. Al-Mosadiya

110. East Al-Khat As-Sarei

111. Kilo 10

112. King Faisal Navy Base<= span style=3D'font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-th= eme-font: minor-latin'>

113. Kilo 7

114. Kilo 3

115. King Faisal Guard City=

116. Kilo 11

117. Thowal

118. Kilo 13

119. Al-Makarona

120. Al-Layth

121. Al-Gonfoda

122. Rabegh

123. Kilo 8

124. Kilo 5

125. Kilo 2

126. Al-Mokhwa

127. National Guard Residence

128. As-Showag

129. Air Defense Residence<= span style=3D'font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;mso-hansi-th= eme-font: minor-latin'>

130. Al-Morsalat

131. Ash-Shoola

132. Al-Corniche

133. Al-Waha

134. Mokhatat Al-Haramain

135. Kholais

[edit] Cul= ture

[edit] Religious significance

A woman = from Jeddah. This photograph, taken in 1873, shows an example of traditional women's clothing of the past.All citizens are M= uslim, with most Saudi citizens are Sunni Muslims. The Government, Courts, Civil a= nd Criminal law enforce a moral code established by Shari= 'ah. A minority of Saudi citizens are Shia Muslims, a= nd there is also a large foreign workforce who must follow their non-Islamic religion in a private manner.

The city has over 1,300 mosq= ues,[20] and the law does not allow for other religions to erect faith based buildings or to express their faith publicly. Religious books, icons and other materials not of the Islam faith are also banned. However, private religious observance, which does not involve Muslims or of= fend public order or morality are sometimes tolerated.

Since the 7th century, Jedda= h has hosted millions of Muslim pilgrims from all over the world on their way to Hajj. This merge with pilgrims has a major impact on the society, religion,= and economy of Jeddah. It also brings an annual risk of illness, known by local= s as the 'hajji disease', a general term for various viral maladies.

In keeping with traditional = Sharia) law, any involvement with alcohol, pork products or any illegal drugs, especially narcotics, is punished severely. Dating and public displays of affection are culturally taboo and all sexual activity outside of a lawful marriage, such as adultery, fornication, cross-dressing and homosexuality, = are prohibited. Men and women must wear appropriate clothing that is not too ri= squé or revealing.

All business activities and = markets are closed five times a day, during prayer time, which lasts for about 20 minutes. Seating in restaurants and other public buildings is segregated, w= ith one area for single men and another section for single women and families.

[edit] Cul= tural projects and foundations with a branch in Jeddah

Encyclo= paedia of Makkah and M= adinah

Saqifat= al-Safa Trust=

[edit] Cuisine

Saudi K= absaJeddah residents are a mix of several different ethnicities and nationalities. This mixture of races has had a major impact on Jeddah's traditional cuisine and Jeddah restaurants.

As in other Saudi cities, th= e Nejdi dish Kabsa is popul= ar among the people of Jeddah, often made with chicken instead of lamb meat. The Yem= eni dish Mandi is also popular as a lunch meal. Hijazi cuisine is popular as well and dishes like Mabshoor, Mitabbak, Foul,= Areika, Hareisa, Kabab Meiroo, Shorabah Hareira (Hareira so= up), Migalgal, Madhbi (chicken= grilled on stone), Madfun (literally meaning "buried"), Magloobah, Kibdah, Manzalah (usually eaten at Eid ul-Fitr), Ma'asoob,= Magliya (a Hijazi version= of falafel), Saleeig (a Hijaz= i dish made of milk rice), hummus, Biryani, Ruz <= span class=3DSpellE>Kabli, Ruz Bukhari, and Saiyadyia can be acquired in many tradition= al restaurants around the city, such as Althamrat,= Abo-Zaid, Al-Quarmooshi, Ayaz, and Hejaziyat.

Grilled meat dishes such as = shawarma, kofta and kebab= have a good market in Jeddah. During Ramadan, sambousak and ful are the most popular meals during dusk. These mea= ls are found in Lebanese, Syrian, and Turkish restaurants.

International food is popula= r in the city. American chains such as McDonald's, Burger King, Domino's Pizza and K= FC are widely distributed in Jeddah, as are more upscale chains like Fuddrucke= rs and Chili's. Indian, Chinese, Japanese, and other Asian foods are also popu= lar. Italian, French, and other European restaurants are found throughout the ci= ty. India gate is a popular Indian restaurant located in Al sharafiyah district of jeddah.

The local fast food chain Al= Baik remains the pioneer though. It has served the population of Jeddah and the neighbouring citie= s of Makkah, Madinah and Yanbu for a couple of decades now and nobody in the m= arket has been able to compete with it. Their main cuisine is fried chicken, comm= only known by Jeddans as Brost<= /span>, and a variety of seafood.[21] Another popular fast-food chain is Hot and Crispy, an Arabic franchise. They are most popul= ar for their amazingly spiced curly fries.

Other local fast food restau= rants have sprung up, like Al Tazaj, which serves seasoned grilled chicken (called Farooj) and a side of <= span class=3DSpellE>Tahina with onion and spices. Fo= ultameez serves Foul and Tameez as fast food; Kudu and <= span class=3DSpellE>Herfy serve Western fast food; H= alawani serves local variants of Shawerma; and Shawermatak has pioneered drive-through sales of Shawerma.

[edit] Ope= n-air art

During the oil boom in the l= ate 1970s and 1980s, there was a focused civic effort to bring art to Jeddah's public areas. As a result, Jeddah contains a large number of modern open-air sculptures and works of art, typically situated in roundabouts, making the = city one of the largest open-air art galleries in the world. Sculptures include works by a variety of artists, ranging from the obscure to international st= ars such as Jean/Hans Arp, César Baldaccini, Alexan= der Calder, Henry Moore, Joan Miró and Victor Vasarely. They often depict elements of traditional S= audi culture: coffee pots, incense burners, palm trees, etc. The fact that Islam= ic tradition prohibits the depiction of living creatures, notably the human fo= rm, has made for some very creative modern art, ranging from the tasteful to the bizarre and downright hideous. These include a mounted defunct propeller pl= ane, a giant geometry set, a giant bicycle, and a huge block of concrete with several cars protruding from it at odd angles= .

[edit] Mus= eums and collections

There may be about a dozen m= useums or collections in Jeddah, with a wide variety of educational aim and professionalism.[22] Some of these are the Jeddah Regional Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography run by the Deputy Ministry of Antiquities and Museums, the Jeddah Municipal Museum, the Naseef House, the private Abdul Rauf Hasan Khalil Museum and the private Arts Heritage Museum.

[edit] Med= ia

Jeddah is served by four maj= or Arabic-language newspapers, Asharq Al-Awsat, Al= -Madina, Okaz, and Al-Bilad, as well as two major English-language newspape= rs, the Saudi Gazette and Arab News. Okaz and Al-Madina are the primary newspapers of Jeddah and some = other Saudi cities, with over a million readers; they focus mainly on issues that affect the city.

Destination Jeddah is a mont= hly magazine directed at locals, new residents, incoming visitors, religious tourists, and the developing tourism business sector. The magazine serves a= s a guide to the city's sights and attractions, restaurants, shopping and entertainment.

Jeddah represents the larges= t radio and television market in Saudi Arabia. Television stations serving the city area include Saudi TV1, Saudi TV2, Saudi TV Sports, Al Ekhbariya, the ART channels network and hundreds of cable, satellite and other special= ty television providers.

The Jeddah TV Tower is a 250= m (820 ft) high television tower with an observation deck. T= he tower started construction in 2006 and was finished in 2007; it is a part of the Ministry of Information in Jeddah.

KAU Football Stadium[edit] Sport

Jeddah hosts the oldest spor= t clubs in Saudi Arabia. Al-Ittihad was the first club in = the country, established in 1927.

Football is the most popular= sport in Jeddah. Al-Ittihad and Al-= Ahli are well-known football clubs. They are major competitors in both the Saudi Premier League and the AFC Champions League. = Al-Ittihad won the FIBA Asia Champions Cup.

There are several public foo= tball stadiums in Jeddah:

Prince Abdullah al-Faisal St= adium

Prince Sultan bin Fahd Stadi= um

KAU Stadium

Air-Defense Forces Stadium

Schools League Stadium

King Abdullah Stadium (under construction) <= /p>

Jeddah Also is home to Saudi= Arabia's leading Rugby club started and developed since 1979 mainly run by a group o= f expat mambers of the local community over the years. = The club has taken part in both regional and international matches and incites players from Jeddah to come and play. The last five years has shown a heavi= er interest from Saudi nationals who have also begun to bring rise to some loc= al talents that could one day be the champions of the midd= le East. Get more information from www.ksarugby.com is the official Saudi Arab= ian rugby website and home to the Saudi rugby Center who are a cornerstone the future of Saudi Arabian rugby.

[edit] Acc= ent

Main article: Hejazi Arabic

The Jeddah City area has a d= istinctive regional speech pattern called the Hejazi diale= ct, alternatively known as Meccan or Makkawi. It is often considered to be one of the most recognizable accents within the Arabic language.

Pronunciations in Hejazi differ from other Gulf dialects in some respects. The Classical Arabic qaaf (Þ) is pronounc= ed [ɡ] as in "get". Hijazi Arabic is also conservative with respect to the sound of the pronunciation of the letter <= span class=3DSpellE>ğim (Ì), which is v= ery close to the two sounds considered, by specialists, to be the best candidat= es for the way it was pronounced in Classical Arabic—namely, [ɟ] and [ɡʲ].[citation ne= eded] This stands in contrast with many dialects in the region, which use [ɡ= ] or [ʒ] for ğim instead. Some speakers re= place the [θ] with [t] or [s].

[edit] Lif= e

Life in Jeddah is different = from many cities in Saudi Arabia. Jeddah is a cosmopolitan city, more so than any oth= er city in the country; it has many people coming from all over the world, who share their cultures. It also has many historical buildings with traditional designs, and it has numerous buildings near the beach. The city has very ni= ce beaches and a corniche where people like to spe= nd time and relax. Jeddah has the highest fountain in the world, named King Fa= hd's Fountain. During the annual Jeddah Festival, many games and activities are = held in the city. There are shopping sprees, water skiing competitions, art exhibitions, and music festivals. Jeddah markets are known for their reason= able prices. One of the most famous shopping districts in Jeddah is Tahlia Street.

[edit] Cit= yscape

[edit] Old Jeddah

Main article: Al-Balad, Jeddah

The Old City with its tradit= ional multistory buildings and merchant houses has lost ground to more modern developments. Nonetheless, the Old City continues to shape the identity of = the Saudi culture, preserving such areas as the old heritage buildings

[edit] Res= orts

The city has many popular re= sorts, including Durrat Al-Arus, Al-Nawras Movenpick= resort at the Red Sea Corniche, Crystal Resort, The Signature Al Murjan Beach Resort, Al Nakheel Village, Sands, and Sheraton Abhur. Many are renowned for their preserved Red Sea marine life and offshore coral reefs.

[edit] Hot= els

The increasing occupancy rat= es of hotels every year depends on the number of tourists and hajj pilgrims. In t= he last few years, Jeddah received more than 2.5 millions= pilgrims per year.

[edit] Consulates

One of three consulates of t= he United States of America in Saudi Arabia is located in Jeddah, along with consulat= es for 67 other countries such as the United Kingdom, France, Germany, Greece, Turkey, Philippines, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Italy, Russia and People's Republic of China, as well as countries of the Organis= ation of Islamic Cooperation and the Arab League states.

[edit] Lan= dmarks

King Fahd's Fountain<= /p>

Main article: King Fahd's Fo= untain

Jeddah's King Fahd's Fountai= n is a major landmark built in the 1980s and listed by the Guinness World Records organization as the highest water jet in the world at 312 metres (1,024 ft).[23] It can be seen from a great dis= tance. The fountain was donated to the City of Jeddah by the late King Fahd bin Ab= dul Aziz, after whom it was named.

NCB Tower

Main article: National Comme= rcial Bank

Built in 1983 and believed t= o be the highest tower in Saudi Arabia during the 1980s, with a height of over 235 m (771 ft), the National Commercial Bank was Saudi Arabia's first bank.

IDB Tower

Main article: Islamic Develo= pment Bank

The Islamic Development Bank= is a multilateral development financing institution. It was founded by the first conference of Finance Ministers of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference (OIC, now the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation), convened 18 December 1973. The bank officially beg= an its activities on 20 October 1975.

Jeddah Municipality Tower

Main article: Jeddah Municip= ality

This is the headquarters of = the metropolitan area of Jeddah. The new building of the Municipality is one of Jeddah's highest towers.

Mile-High Tower

Main article: Mile-High Towe= r

A proposed tower to be built= in Jeddah by Prince Al-Waleed bin Ta= lal is the Mile-High Tower, or Kingdom Tower, that will stand 1-mile (1.6 km) i= nto the air. Upon its completion, this would make this skyscraper the tallest in the world and yet another addition to Jeddah's many landmarks.

[edit] Edu= cation

See also: List of universiti= es and colleges in Saudi Arabia

As of 2005[update], Jeddah h= ad 849 public and private schools for male students and another 1,179 public and private schools for female students.[24] The medium of instruction in both public and private schools is typically Arabic, with emphasis on English as= a second language. However, some private schools administered by foreign enti= ties use the English language as the medium of instruction.

For higher education, the ci= ty has several universities and colleges, including the following:

King Ab= dulaziz University

King Abdullah University of = Science and Technology

Arab Open University<= span dir=3DRTL>

Dar Al-= Hekma College

Effat University

College of Business Administ= ration (CBA) <= /p>

Teacher's College

Jeddah College of Technology=

Jeddah Private College

College of Health Care

College of Telecom & Ele= ctronics

College of Community<= span dir=3DRTL>

Private College of Business<= /span>

Ibn Sina National College for Medical St= udies

Batterj= ee Medical College

Prince Sultan College of Tou= rism

Prince Sultan Aviation Acade= my

Islamic Fiqh Academy

Jeddah Institute for Speech = and Hearing

Saudi German Institute for N= ursing

Health Manpower Training Ins= titutes Group

Saudi Japanese Automobile Hi= gh Institute

[edit] Transport

Jeddah S= eaport[edit] Airport

Main article: King Abdulaziz International Airport

Jeddah is served by King Abdulaziz International Airport. The airport has four passenger terminals. One is the Hajj Terminal, a special outdoor terminal covered by enormous white tents, which was constructed to handle the more t= han two million pilgrims who pass through the airport during the Hajj season. T= he Southern Terminal is used for Saudi Airlines flights, while the Northern Terminal serves foreign and other national airlines. A new plan for the extension of airport is being laid. The Royal Terminal is a special terminal reserved for VIPs, foreign kings and presidents, and the Saudi Royal Family= . A portion of the airport was used by Coalition B-52 heavy bombers during Operation Desert Storm in 1991.

[edit] Sea= port

Main article: Jeddah Seaport=

The Jeddah Seaport is the 32= nd busiest seaport in the world as of 2008[update]. It handles the majority of Saudi Arabia's commercial movement.

[edit] Roa= ds and rails

Highway 40, which begins in = Jeddah, connects the city to Mecca, Riyadh and Dammam on the east coast. Jeddah does not have any rapid transit system, but a rail system connecting the city to Riyadh is now under construction. The Haramain = High Speed Rail Project will provide a high-speed rail connection to Mecca and Medina.[25]

Modern streets connect the d= ifferent areas of the city to each other. Jeddah's main highways run parallel to each other.

Heavy traffic on Medina Road=

[edit] Issues and challenges

Today, the city faces many c= hallenges and issues, such as weak sewage systems, heavy traffic, epidemics, water shortage, and pollution issues.

Traffic

While the congested traffic = is cause for concern in Jeddah, the Saudi Gazette reports that there is a plan in the works to tackle the traffic issue. A reported 3 billion Saudi Riyals will be put into constructing flyovers and underpasses in an effort to reduce traff= ic. The plan is scheduled to take about five years from its start to finish.[26]

Sewage

Prior to the construction of= a waste treatment plant, Jeddah's waste water was disposed of by either discharge i= nto the sea or via absorption into deep underground pits. As the city grew a pr= oper waste management plant was created and the built up part of the city was connected with a sewer system by the 1970s. However, even with the ever increasing population, there has not been much development to this original sewer system. The original plant cannot cope amo= unt of waste inundating it daily. As a result, some untreated sewage is discharged directly into the sea and the entire northern part of the city remains unconnected to the sewage system at all, instead relying on septic tanks.[27]

[edit] 2009 Jeddah floods

A tunnel in King Abdullah St= . was filled with water during the 2009 floods.Main article: 2009 Jeddah floods

On 25 November 2009, heavy f= loods affected the city and other areas of Makkah Province.[28][29] The floods were described by civil d= efence officials as the worst in 27 years.[30] As of 26 November 2009 (2009 -11-26)[update], 77 people were reported to have been killed,[31] and more = than 350 were missing.[28] Some roads were under a metre (three feet) of water on 26 November, and many of the victims were believed= to have drowned in their cars. At least 3,000 vehicles were swept away or dama= ged.[28][31][32] The death toll was expected to rise as f= lood waters receded, allowing rescuers to reach stranded vehicles.[33]

A tunnel in King Abdullah St= . was filled with water during the 2011 floods.[edit] = 2011 Jeddah floods

On 26 January 2011, heavy fl= oods affected the city and other areas of Makkah Pro= vince. The cumulative rainfall exceeded the 90 mm recorded in four hours during th= e 25 November 2009 flash floods. Streets including Palestine Street, Madinah Road and Wali Al-= Ahad Street were either flooded or jammed with traffi= c. Cars were seen floating in some places. Meanwhile, eyewitnesses told local newspaper Arab News that East Jeddah was swamped and floodwater was rushing west towards the Red Sea, turning streets into rivers once again.

[edit] Sis= ter cities

Jeddah has 25 sister cities = (aka "twin towns") which are selected based on economic, cultural and political criteria.

Adana, Turkey

Tunis, Tunisia

Alexandria, Egypt=

Almaty, Kazakhsta= n

Amman, Jordan

Tabriz, Iran

Baku, Azerbaijan<= /span>

Cairo, Egypt

Casablanca, Moroc= co

Dubai, United Arab Emirates

Istanbul, Turkey[34]

Jakarta, Surabaya, Indonesia

Johor Bahru, Malaysia

Kuching, Malaysia=

Karachi, Pakistan=

Kazan, Russia

Marbella, Spain

Mary, Turkmenista= n

Odessa, Ukraine

Osh, Kyrgyzstan

Plovdiv, Bulgaria=

Shimonoseki, Japa= n

Saint Petersburg,= Russia

Strasbourg, Franc= e

Stuttgart, German= y

Taipei, Taiwan[35]

Xi'an, People's R= epublic of China

Oran, Algeria

[edit] See also

Saudi Arabia port= al

List of cities and towns in = Saudi Arabia

List of deep-water ports

[edit] Notes

^ "Abu Ras promises n= ew Jeddah". Saudigazette.com.sa. 2010-08-19. http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=3Dhome.regcon&contentID= =3D2010081981360. Retrieved 2011-04-17.

^ http://ae.zawya.com/story.cfm/sidZAWYA20100727050049= /comment

^ "2thinknow Innovation Cities™ Emerging 11 Index 2009 - Middle East, Africa = and Former USSR States | 2009". Innovation-cities.com. 2009-11-12. http://www.innovation-cities.com/emerging-middle-east-africa-city-index/. <= span class=3DGramE>Retrieved 2011-04-17.

^ Jayussi, Salma; Manṣūr I= brāhīm Ḥāzimī; &#= 699;Izzat ibn ʻAbd al-Majīd Khaṭṭ= 7;b Beyond the Dunes I B Tauris & Co Ltd (28 Ap= ril 2006), p. 295. ISBN 978-1-85043-972-1 [1]

^ Ibn Battota's Safari. Tuhfat Al-Nothaar Fe Gharaa'ib Al-Amsaar. Chapter: "From Cairo to = Hejaz to Tunisia again". ISBN 9953-34-180-X

^ British Embassy website[dead link]

^ "Lost in translation." Brian Whitaker. Gua= rdian (UK). 10 June 2002.

^ History of Jeddah. Ministry of H= ajj.

^ "ÕÍíÝÉ ÚßÇÙ - ÌÏÉ Çáíæã.. æÇáÚã æåíÈ". Okaz.com.sa. http://www.okaz.com.sa/okaz/osf/20060510/Con2006051016179.htm. Retrieved 2011-04-17<= span lang=3DFA dir=3DRTL style=3D'font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-fon= t-family: Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'>.

^ http://w= ww.jeddahedu.gov.sa/jed.html[dead link] <= /p>

^ http://www.okaz.com.sa/new/Issues/20110605/Con201106= 05424473.htm

^ "History of Arabia." B= ritannica.com.

^ Makkah Gate in Jeddah. AsiaRooms.com.

^ Leaflet for Khuzam Palace Jeddah, Deputy Ministry of Antiquities & Museums=

^ "Preserving Jeddah's Historic Buildings." = Saudi Arabia, Winter 1999, Volume 15, Number 4. Information Office, Royal Embassy= of Saudi Arabia. <= /p>

^ The Biet Nassif in Jeddah at www.asiarooms.com

^ "Jeddah, Saudi Arabia". BBC. http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/results.shtml?tt=3DTT002760.= Retrieved 2010-10-28.

^ Al-Sha'afi, Muhammad (19= 90). Foreign Trade of Juddah: During the Ottoman Per= iod 1840-1916. King Saud University<= span lang=3DFA dir=3DRTL style=3D'font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";mso-ascii-fon= t-family: Calibri;mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin'>.

^ Commerce of Jeddah. Saudi Arabia= n Water & Power Forum.

^ Report about number of mosques. Al-Sharq Al-Awsat Newspaper.

^ "Al Baik fast food&= quot;. Albaik.com. http://albaik.com/index.htm. Retrieved 2011-04-17.

^ Museums in Jeddah at www.asiarooms.com

^ Photograph of King Fahd Fountain at treklens.com

^ Statistical summary of education in Saudi Arabia. Statistical Information Department of the Ministry of Educati= on.

^ "Al Rajhi wins Makkah - Madinah civils contract". Railway Ga= zette International. 2009-02-09. http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/single-view/view//al-rajhi-wins-makkah-m= adinah-civils-contract.html.

^ Al-Siqqiqui, Saoud. "SR3b to tackle Jeddah traffic over five years&quo= t;. Saudi Gazette. http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=3Dhome.regcon&contentID= =3D2010072078614. Retrieved 11 April 2011.

^ Vincent, Peter. Jeddah's Environ= mental Problems. The Geographical Review. doi:10.1111/j.1931-0846.2003.tb00039.x.

^ a b c "Saudi Arabian floods kill 77, leave scor= es missing". Agence France Presse. 26 Novembe= r 2009. http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5iXnnwi-QAtxEShlY_jrXNHDQ= dIsQ. Retrieved 2009-11-26.

^ "Saudi Arabia floods leave 48 dead". BBC N= ews. 26 November 2009. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8380501.stm. Retri= eved 2009-11-26.

^ "Flooding kills 77 in Jeddah, Thousands of pilg= rims stranded on highway", Saudi Gazette, 26 November 2009, http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=3Dhome.regcon&contentID= =3D2009112655554, retrieved 2009-11-26

^ a b Alawi, Ibrahim; Al-Harthi, Eid (27 November 2009), "King orders aid for vic= tims, Death toll in Jeddah flooding hits 77", Saudi Gazette, http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=3Dhome.regcon&contentID= =3D2009112755615, retrieved 2009-11-27

^ Al-Zahrani, Saleh (26 November 2009), "Damage may top SR1 billion", Saudi Gazette, = http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=3Dhome.regcon&contentID= =3D2009112755625, retrieved 2009-11-27

^ Humaidan, Muhammad (27 November 2009), "Jeddah flood death toll reaches 77", Arab News, http://www.arabnews.com/?page=3D1&section=3D0&article=3D128861&= d=3D27&m=3D11&y=3D2009&pix=3Dkingdom.jpg&category=3DKingdom, retrieved 2009-11-27

^ Burak Sansal (2006-11-20). "Sister cities of Istanbul&= quot;. Greatistanbul.com. http://www.greatistanbul.com/sister_cities.htm. Retrieved 2011-04-17.

^ "Sister cities of Taipei". Protocol.taipei.gov.tw. http://www.protocol.taipei.gov.tw/sister/esister.htm. Retrieved 2011-04-17.

[edit] References

Farsi, Hani M.S. (Mohamed Sa= id). Jeddah: city of art: the sculptures and monuments. London: Stacey International, 1991. ISBN 0-905743-66-0

Facey, William & Grant, Gillian.= Saudi Arabia by the First Photographers. ISBN 0-905743-74-1

Tarabul= si, Mohammed Yosuf. Jeddah: A Story of = a City. Riyadh: King Fahd National Library, 2006. ISBN 9960-52-413-2

John F. Keane. Six months in= the Hijaz = : journeys to Makkah and Madinah 1877-1989. Manchester: Barzan Publishing, 2006.= ISBN 0-9549701-1-X

Al-Khaldi, Ibrahim. The Bedouin Photographer - Al-Mosawwir Al-Badawi. Kuwait, 2= 004.

Badr El-Hage. Saudi A= rabia : caught in time 1861-1939. Published by Garnet, Reading, 1997. ISBN 1-85964-090-7

Captain G. S. Froster. A trip Across the Peninsula - Rehl= a Abr Al-Jazeera. Mom= bai, India, 1866. <= /p>

From Bul= lard to Mr Chamberlain. Jeddah,= 1925 Feb. (No.# secrets) - Archived Post. <= /p>

Al-Rehani. Nejd and Its Followers.

Al-Turki, Thuraya. Jeddah: Um Al-Rakha wal Sheddah. Published by Dar A= l-Shrooq.

Al-Harbi, Dalal. King Abdulaziz and his Strategies to= deal with events : Events of Jeddah. King Abdulaziz National Library, 2003. ISBN 9960-624-88-9

Didier, Charles. Séjour Chez Le Grand-Cherif= De La Mekke. Librairie De L. Ha= chette et, Rue Pierre.

Didier, Charles. Rehla Ela Al-Hejaz: A trip to Hejaz. Translated from "Séjour Chez Le Grand-Cherif De La Mekke" into Arabic. Paris, 1854. ISBN 9960-677-14-1=

[edit] External links

Find more about Jeddah on Wi= kipedia's sister projects:

Definitions from = Wiktionary

Images and media = from Commons

Learning resource= s from Wikiversity

News stories from= Wikinews

Quotations from <= span class=3DSpellE>Wikiquote

Source texts from= Wikisource

Textbooks from Wikibooks

Municipality of Jeddah Offic= ial municipality website (in Arabic)

Principality of Jeddah Offic= ial Jeddah principality website (in Arabic)

City of Jeddah Official webs= ite (in English) <= /p>

Interactive Jeddah Map from = Jeddah Municipality (Official)

[show]v · d · e Jeddah

Ports King Abdulaziz International Airport • Jeddah Seaport

Education King Abdulaziz University • Dar Al-Hekma College • Arab Open University • Effat College • CBA College • Prin= ce Sultan Aviation Academy • Islamic Fiqh Academy<= /span>

Major organizations Organisation of Islamic Cooperation • Saudi Geological Survey • Saudi Arabian Airlines • Islamic Development Bank • Jeddah Economic Forum • International Association of Islamic Banks • Jeddah Economic Forum • Jeddah Chamber of Commerce & Industry • Jeddah Marketing Board

Landmarks King Fahd's Founta= in • National Commercial Bank Tower • Durrat Al-Arus • IDB Tower • City Hall Tower • Jeddah TV Tower = • The Qishla of Jeddah

Soccer Clubs Al-Ittihad • Al-Ahli

Famous People Mohammad Al Amoudi • Saleh Kamel • Ali bin Hussien •= Ammar Al Hebshi • Amr Dabbagh • Fitihi Family • Hamzah Shehatta • Idi Amin • Khalid bin Mahfouz • Rabab Fetieh • Faisal Mouazen •= Hussein Abdul Ghani • Nawaz Sharif

[show]v · = d · eMain Saudi Arabian cities

Afif · Arar · Abha · Abqaiq · Al Bahah · Bisha · Buraydah · Dammam= · Dhahran · Diriyah · Duba · Ha'il · Hafar Al-Batin · Hofuf · Al Jawf · Jeddah · Jizan · <= span class=3DSpellE>Jubail · Sudair · Khamis Mushait · Al-Kharj · Khobar · Al Majma'ah · Mecca (Makkah)= · Medina · Najran · Qatif · Ras Tanura · Khafji · Riyadh (capital) · Ta’if · Tabuk · Unaizah · Yanbu' = al Bahr

[hide]v · = d · e Saudi Arabia topics

Index · Outline

History Ancient Arabia · Ear= ly Islamic State · Rashidun Caliphate · Umayyad Empire · A= bbasid Empire · Ottoman Empire · First Saudi State · Second Saudi State · Saudi Ar= abia

Geography Regions (Emirates)= · Governorates · Cities · Climate

Law Basic Law · Human rights= · LGBT rights · Women's rights · Freedom of religion · Mutawe= en (religious police) · Capital punishment · Passport

Politics King · Cabinet · Al= legiance Council · National Security Council · Consultative Assembly · Foreign relat= ions · Nuclear program · Mabahith (secret police)

Military Army · Navy · Air F= orce · Air Defense · National Guard · General Intelligence Presidency · Military ranks=

Economy Saudi riyal · Tadawul (stock exchange) · Saudi Arabian Monetary Age= ncy · Agriculture · Companies · Energy · Irrigation · Oil · Oil reserves · OPEC · Transport · Telecommunications · Tourism · Water supply and sanitation

Society Censorship · Crime · Demographics · Education · Healthcare · Human trafficking · Obesity · Prostitution · Religion · Terrorism

Culture Art · Cinema · Cuisi= ne · Islam · Language · Media · Music · Public holidays · Sport · Television · Universities

Symbols Flag · National anth= em · National emblem · Shahada (national motto)

Category · Portal · WikiProject=

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Categories: JeddahGeography of Saudi ArabiaPopulated coastal places in Saud= i ArabiaPopulated places established in the 6th century= BCPopulated places in Makkah ProvincePort cities in the Arabian PeninsulaPort